1534
Sebastian Franck:
Albania: A Mighty Province of Europe
Sebastian Franck (1499- ca. 1543) was a German
humanist, theologian, publisher and geographer.
Born in Donauwörth in Bavaria, he studied theology
in Ingolstadt and Heidelberg and converted, under
the influence of Martin Luther, to Protestantism.
Franck is remembered as a great promoter of
freedom of thought. From 1535 to 1539 he ran a
printing press in Ulm. Among his publications was
a book on the geography of the world called
“Weltbuch: Spiegel und Bildnis des ganzen
Erdbodens” (World Book: Mirror and Image of the
Whole Planet), Tübingen 1534. This work contains
a text on Albania and the Balkan region, taken here
from the second edition (published in Ulm in 1542).
It is very much a period piece, heavily influenced by
Hartmann Schedel’s ‘Nuremberg Chronicle’ (1493) and by Pliny the Elder’s ‘Natural History,’ and reveals
how little was still known about the western Balkan region in the sixteenth century.
Of Epirus in the Region of Europe (Pliny Book 4, Chapter 1)
Epirus, a province of Europe, is from east to west 300 horse rides long. (1) It borders to the north on
Macedonia, to the east on Achaea right to the river Achelous, and to the west on the Ionian Sea.
Theopompus wrote of this region that it
comprised about 24 peoples. It has prosperous
and fertile land on the coast, and there were
many strong cities and fortresses there, but the
province was destroyed because of a revolt of
this people against the Romans, and as
Polybius notes, 70 Epirotic cities were razed
and wiped out by Aemilius Paullus for the
Emperor following the defeat of the
Macedonians and the King of Persia. From
these cities, 150,000 people were sold into
perpetual slavery. There is a mountain called
Tomarus [Tomorr], rich in water stemming
from 100 sources. In the region around Epirus
there are many fine provinces, namely: Albania,
Illyria, Croatia, Nistria [Istria] and Carnia
[Kvarner].
Albania:
A Mighty Province of Europe
People in Albania are born with white hair for
it is a cold region facing Asia. This country has
such huge stray dogs that they can attack and
slay wild bulls and elephants. Concerning this,
read Pliny, Book 8, and Isidore, Book 9. These
people have colourfully painted, bright eyes
such that they can see better by night than by
day. Solinus was amazed at this. Albania was
more or less a part of Macedonia and belonged
to it. In it are situated the famed cities of
Didrachium [Durrachium = Durrës] and
Apollonia. The language of this people is
understood neither by the Greeks nor by the
Wends [Slavic]. To the east lies the sea and to
the west lies Iberia. It is a mountainous region
and the inhabitants were originally herdsmen.
They were such simple people that they did not
know what money was. They did not know
how to count above one hundred. They
remained busy among themselves. They did
not know weights and measures, nor did they
know how to farm at all. They were equipped
solely for warfare, and worshiped the sun and
the moon. This country has huge snakes,
scorpions and deadly spiders. Strabo says that they had 26 languages. It was initially subjugated by
the Persians, then by the Macedonians, and thereafter by the Romans at the time of Trajan. Now it
has been conquered by the Turks.
Illyria – a Wendish Land
After the region of Albania come the Illyrian peoples to the west and north. We now call them
Wends [Slavs]: some are called Bosnians, some Dalmatians, some Nistrians, some Croatians and
some Cranians [Carniolans]. The Bosnians are situated in the interior towards Hungary in the
north. The others, situated on the coast, stretch to the Timanian sources. This region regards the
Manichean heresy as Christian. Namely, all things depend on their origin – good is from good and
evil is from evil [?]. They do not recognise the authority of the Roman Church. They do not profess
that Christ is the same as the Father and, although they are autonomous, they regard themselves as
Christians. Their monasteries are situated in remote places in wildernesses and wastelands. If a
woman falls ill, it is custom for her to join these holy men and promise to serve them. When she
recovers her health, she stays with them for a year in a monastic community, together with her
husband who also serves God. These regions have no weapons, nor can an anathema overcome
them. On Illyria, see Pliny Book 3, Chapter 21.
Dalmatia, Slavonia, Liburnia, Croatia
Dalmatia is a region of Europe around Wendish territory, situated between Hungary and
Macedonia. It is now called Slavonia. Above it at the end is Liburnia and at the beginning is
Dalmatia which is now called Croatia. This may also be a province of Slavonia. It is a country of
ferocious, rapacious people. On Liburnia, see Pliny, Book 3, Chapter 22.
(1) A “horse ride” (German Pferderitt, Latin equidium) was a measure equivalent to one-sixteenth
of a French mile.
[excerpt from: Sebastian Franck, Weltbuch: spiegel vnd bildtnis des gantzen Erdtbodens, von Sebastiano
Franco Wördensi in vier bücher, nämlich in Asiam, Aphricam, Europam vnd Americam gestelt (Ulm 1542),
pp. 89r-90v. With the kind assistance of Xhavit Muslija (Rothenthurm, Switzerland). Translated
from the early New High German by Robert Elsie.]
Excerpt from the original German text of Sebastian
Franck’s “World Book: Mirror and Image of the
Whole Planet” (1534).
The German humanist Sebastian Franck
(1499 – ca. 1543).